PLA2 belongs to the secreted group III sPLA2 enzymes and shows its inflammatory activity by inducing the biosynthesis of prostaglandin, arachidonic, and lysophosphatidic acids. A revised study based on the analysis of the cDNA for PLA2 from HBV gland showed that the sequence of the mature PLA2 comprises 134 amino acids with a single glycosylation site which is cross-linked by four disulfide bridges responsible for their stability and their folding mechanism. The major allergen compound of HBV is phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a glycoprotein. The single methionine residue in tertiapin can be readily oxidized, and consequently, its affinity for inhibiting certain types of inward-rectifier K + channels will be 4–5-fold lower. While tertiapin is a presynaptic neurotoxin composed by 21 amino acid residues. The first is a basic polypeptide with 103 amino acids residues, exhibiting an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase function. Other peptides found in lower quantities in HVB are adolapin and tertiapin. Secapin has been shown in two isoforms, secapin-1 and secapin-2 with a similar secondary structure. It is stabilized by an intramolecular disulfide bridge formed between cysteine residues. MCDP is not a true anti-inflammatory agent, but employs its activity via the mediation of the anti-inflammatory effect.Īnother important compound of HBV is secapin, a polycationic peptide with 25 amino acid residues. The mast cell degranulating peptide (MCDP), a 22 residue polypeptide stable over the pH 2-8, presents two disulfide bridges and a terminal amide group. This compound is an octadecapeptide that contains four cysteine residues with two disulfide bonds, resulting in stabilization of its tertiary structure for the expression of biological activity. Its amphiphilic property makes it water soluble and naturally associable with any type of membranes, including artificial. Melittin, the main component of HBV, is the most studied active membrane protein, consisting of 26 amino acid residues. The information discussed within this manuscript was searched using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct filtering with common terms such as “ apitoxin,” “ apis,” “ bee venom,” “ bee products,” and “honey bee.” The documents were analyzed to allow a deeper description on the most relevant compounds present on HBV, considering the number of studies on the literature and the use the different techniques applied in the evaluation.Ĭhemical composition of honeybee venom (left) and for the dry extract (right) In this review, a brief information about the HBV compounds and its extraction will be provided before the presentation of the various analytical methods described in the literature. More recently HBV has been appointed in complementary treatments against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, it acts as anti-inflammatory, leishmanicidal agent, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiapoptotic, wound healer, antifibrinolytic and antielastolytic. Even without a complete scientific proof of its efficacy/safety, the use in traditional medicine is recurrent for the prevention and treatment of many diseases such as arthritis, rheumatism, pain cancer, skin problems, among others. It has been suggested that HBV represents much more than a classical stereotype of defense against predators, acting also as a medium of social antisepsis contributing to the colony collective immunity. Honeybee venom (HBV) or apitoxin is a biotoxin produced in the venom gland of honeybees ( Apidae family), under its abdominal cavity. The literature search was performed within PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct by selecting specific documents and exploring HBV evaluation. In this review, a relevant overview of the so far published analytical methods for HBV characterization is organized with the aim to accelerate its future standardization. To uncover its exact composition, and boost the discovery of HBV-derived drugs, a significant number of techniques were developed. However, and because HBV is not officially recognized as a drug, until now, the international community did not establish quality standards for it. It composition consists mainly on melittin, phospholipase A2, and apamin but other constituents such as hyaluronidase, mast cell degranulating peptide and secapin are also relevant for its bioactivity. It has been previously reported that honeybee venom (HBV) exhibits several pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, and anticancer activity and may inclusively act as a complementary treatment for SARS-CoV-2. The discovery of new drugs has benefited significantly from the development of research in venomics, increasing our understanding of the envenomation processes.
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